What comes to mind when you think of a clean kitchen? Shiny waxed floors?
Gleaming stainless steel sinks? Spotless counters and neatly arranged
cupboards?
They can help, but a truly "clean" kitchen--that is, one that ensures
safe food--relies on more than just looks. It also depends on safe food
practices.
In the home, food safety concerns revolve around three main functions:
food storage, food handling, and cooking. To see how well you're doing in
each, take this quiz, and then read on to learn how you can make the meals
and snacks from your kitchen the safest possible.
Quiz
Choose the answer that best describes the practice in your household,
whether or not you are the primary food handler.
1. The temperature of the refrigerator in my home is:
a. 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 ° C)
b. 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 ° C)
c. I don't know; I've never measured it.
2. The last time we had leftover cooked stew or other food with meat,
chicken or fish, the food was:
a. cooled to room temperature, then put in the refrigerator
b. put in the refrigerator immediately after the food was served
c. left at room temperature overnight or longer
3. The last time the kitchen sink drain, disposal and connecting pipe
in my home were sanitized was:
a. last night
b. several weeks ago
c. can't remember
4. If a cutting board is used in my home to cut raw meat, poultry or
fish and it is going to be used to chop another food, the board is:
a. reused as is
b. wiped with a damp cloth
c. washed with soap and hot water
d. washed with soap and hot water and then sanitized
5. The last time we had hamburgers in my home, I ate mine:
a. rare
b. medium
c. well-done
6. The last time there was cookie dough in my home, the dough was:
a. made with raw eggs, and I sampled some of it
b. store-bought, and I sampled some of it
c. not sampled until baked
7. I clean my kitchen counters and other surfaces that come in contact
with food with:
a. water
b. hot water and soap
c. hot water and soap, then bleach solution
d. hot water and soap, then commercial sanitizing agent
8. When dishes are washed in my home, they are:
a. cleaned by an automatic dishwasher and then air-dried
b. left to soak in the sink for several hours and then washed with soap in
the same water
c. washed right away with hot water and soap in the sink and then air-dried
d. washed right away with hot water and soap in the sink and immediately
towel-dried
9. The last time I handled raw meat, poultry or fish, I cleaned my
hands afterwards by:
a. wiping them on a towel
b. rinsing them under hot, cold or warm tap water
c. washing with soap and warm water
10. Meat, poultry and fish products are defrosted in my home by:
a. setting them on the counter
b. placing them in the refrigerator
c. microwaving
11. When I buy fresh seafood, I:
a. buy only fish that's refrigerated or well iced
b. take it home immediately and put it in the refrigerator
c. sometimes buy it straight out of a local fisher's creel
12. I realize people, including myself, should be especially careful
about not eating raw seafood, if they have:
a. diabetes
b. HIV infection
c. cancer
d. liver disease
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Answers
1. Refrigerators should stay at 41 ° F (5 ° C) or less, so if you chose
answer B, give yourself two points. If you didn't, you're not alone. Many
people overlook the importance of maintaining an appropriate refrigerator
temperature.
The refrigerator temperature in many households is above 50 degrees (10 ° C). Measure the temperature with a thermometer and, if needed, adjust the
refrigerator's temperature control dial. A temperature of 41 ° F (5 ° C) or less
is important because it slows the growth of most bacteria. The temperature
won't kill the bacteria, but it will keep them from multiplying, and the
fewer there are, the less likely you are to get sick from them. Freezing at
zero ° F (minus 18 ° C) or less stops bacterial growth (although it won't kill
all bacteria already present).
2. Answer B is the best practice; give yourself two points if you picked
it.
Hot foods should be refrigerated as soon as possible within two hours
after cooking. But don't keep the food if it's been standing out for more
than two hours. Don't taste test it, either. Even a small amount of
contaminated food can cause illness.
Date leftovers so they can be used within a safe time. Generally, they
remain safe when refrigerated for three to five days. If in doubt, throw it
out.
3. If answer A best describes your household's practice, give yourself
two points. Give yourself one point if you chose B.
The kitchen sink drain, disposal and connecting pipe are often
overlooked, but they should be sanitized periodically by pouring down the
sink a solution of 1 teaspoon (5 milliliters) of chlorine bleach in 1 quart
(about 1 liter) of water or a solution of commercial kitchen cleaning agent
made according to product directions. Food particles get trapped in the
drain and disposal and, along with the moistness, create an ideal
environment for bacterial growth.
4. If answer D best describes your household's practice, give yourself
two points.
If you picked A, you're violating an important food safety rule: Never
allow raw meat, poultry and fish to come in contact with other foods. Answer
B isn't good, either. Improper washing, such as with a damp cloth, will not
remove bacteria. And washing only with soap and water may not do the job,
either.
5. Give yourself two points if you picked answer C.
If you don't have a meat thermometer, there are other ways to determine
whether seafood is done:
- For fish, slip the point of a sharp knife into the flesh and pull
aside. The edges should be opaque and the center slightly translucent with
flakes beginning to separate. Let the fish stand three to four minutes to
finish cooking.
- For shrimp, lobster and scallops, check color. Shrimp and lobster and
scallops, red and the flesh becomes pearly opaque. Scallops turn milky
white or opaque and firm.
- For clams, mussels and oysters, watch for the point at which their
shells open. Boil three to five minutes longer. Throw out those that stay
closed.
- When using the microwave, rotate the dish several times to ensure even
cooking. Follow recommended standing times. After the standing time is
completed, check the seafood in several spots with a meat thermometer to
be sure the product has reached the proper temperature.
6. If you answered A, you may be putting yourself at risk for infection
with Salmonella enteritidis, a bacterium that can be in shell eggs. Cooking
the egg or egg-containing food product to an internal temperature of at
least 145 ° F (63 ° C) kills the bacteria. So answer C--eating the baked
product--will earn you two points.
You'll get two points for answer B, also. Foods containing raw eggs, such
as homemade ice cream, cake batter, mayonnaise, and eggnog, carry a
Salmonella risk, but their commercial counterparts don't. Commercial
products are made with pasteurized eggs; that is, eggs that have been heated
sufficiently to kill bacteria, and also may contain an acidifying agent that
kills the bacteria. Commercial preparations of cookie dough are not a food
hazard.
If you want to sample homemade dough or batter or eat other foods with
raw-egg-containing products, consider substituting pasteurized eggs for raw
eggs. Pasteurized eggs are usually sold in the grocer's refrigerated dairy
case.
Some other tips to ensure egg safety:
- Buy only refrigerated eggs, and keep them refrigerated until you are
ready to cook and serve them.
- Cook eggs thoroughly until both the yolk and white are firm, not
runny, and scramble until there is no visible liquid egg.
- Cook pasta dishes and stuffings that contain eggs thoroughly.
7. Answers C or D will earn you two points each; answer B, one point.
According to FDA's Guzewich, bleach and commercial kitchen cleaning agents
are the best sanitizers--provided they're diluted according to product
directions. They're the most effective at getting rid of bacteria. Hot water
and soap does a good job, too, but may not kill all strains of bacteria.
Water may get rid of visible dirt, but not bacteria.
Also, be sure to keep dishcloths and sponges clean because, when wet,
these materials harbor bacteria and may promote their growth.
8. Answers A and C are worth two points each. There are potential
problems with B and D. When you let dishes sit in water for a long time, it
"creates a soup," FDA's Buchanan said. "The food left on the dish
contributes nutrients for bacteria, so the bacteria will multiply." When
washing dishes by hand, he said, it's best to wash them all within two
hours. Also, it's best to air-dry them so you don't handle them while
they're wet.
9. The only correct practice is answer C. Give yourself two points if you
picked it.
Wash hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds before and
after handling food, especially raw meat, poultry and fish. If you have an
infection or cut on your hands, wear rubber or plastic gloves. Wash gloved
hands just as often as bare hands because the gloves can pick up bacteria.
(However, when washing gloved hands, you don't need to take off your gloves
and wash your bare hands, too.)
10. Give yourself two points if you picked B or C. Food safety experts
recommend thawing foods in the refrigerator or the microwave oven or putting
the package in a water-tight plastic bag submerged in cold water and
changing the water every 30 minutes. Gradual defrosting overnight is best
because it helps maintain quality.
When microwaving, follow package directions. Leave about 2 inches (about
5 centimeters) between the food and the inside surface of the microwave to
allow heat to circulate. Smaller items will defrost more evenly than larger
pieces of food. Foods defrosted in the microwave oven should be cooked
immediately after thawing.
Do not thaw meat, poultry and fish products on the counter or in the sink
without cold water; bacteria can multiply rapidly at room temperature.
Marinate food in the refrigerator, not on the counter. Discard the
marinade after use because it contains raw juices, which may harbor
bacteria. If you want to use the marinade as a dip or sauce, reserve a
portion before adding raw food.
11. A and B are correct. Give yourself two points for either.
When buying fresh seafood, buy only from reputable dealers who keep their
products refrigerated or properly iced. Be wary, for example, of vendors
selling fish out of their creel (canvas bag) or out of the back of their
truck.
Once you buy the seafood, immediately put it on ice, in the refrigerator
or in the freezer. Some other tips for choosing safe seafood:
- Don't buy cooked seafood, such as shrimp, crabs or smoked fish, if
displayed in the same case as raw fish. Cross-contamination can occur. Or,
at least, make sure the raw fish is on a level lower than the cooked fish
so that the raw fish juices don't flow onto the cooked items and
contaminate them.
- Don't buy frozen seafood if the packages are open, torn or crushed on
the edges. Avoid packages that are above the frost line in the store's
freezer. If the package cover is transparent, look for signs of frost or
ice crystals. This could mean that the fish has either been stored for a
long time or thawed and refrozen.
- Recreational fishers who plan to eat their catch should follow local government advisories about fishing areas and
eating fish from
certain areas.
- As with meat and poultry, if seafood will be used within two days
after purchase, store it in the coldest part of the refrigerator, usually
under the freezer compartment or in a special "meat keeper." Avoid packing
it in tightly with other items; allow air to circulate freely around the
package. Otherwise, wrap the food tightly in moisture-proof freezer paper
or foil to protect it from air leaks and store in the freezer.
- Discard shellfish, such as lobsters, crabs, oysters, clams and
mussels, if they die during storage or if their shells crack or break.
Live shellfish close up whe the shell is tapped.
12. If you are under treatment for any of these diseases, as well as
several others, you should avoid raw seafood. Give yourself two points for
knowing one or more of the risky conditions.
People with certain diseases and conditions need to be especially careful
because their diseases or the medicine they take may put them at risk for
serious illness or death from contaminated seafood.
These conditions include:
- liver disease, either from excessive alcohol use, viral hepatitis, or
other causes hemochromatosis, an iron disorder
- diabetes
- stomach problems, including previous stomach surgery and low stomach
acid (for example, from antacid use)
- cancer
- immune disorders, including HIV infection
- long-term steroid use, as for asthma and arthritis
- Older adults also may be at increased risk because they more often
have these conditions.
People with these diseases or conditions should never eat raw seafood --
only seafood that has been thoroughly cooked.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rating Your Home's Food Practices
24 points: Feel confident about the safety of foods served in your
home.
12 to 23 points: Reexamine food safety practices in your home.
Some key rules are being violated.
11 points or below: Take steps immediately to correct food
handling, storage and cooking techniques used in your home. Current
practices are putting you and other members of your household in danger of
food-borne illness.
What comes to
mind when you think of a clean kitchen? Shiny waxed
floors? Gleaming stainless steel sinks? Spotless counters and neatly
arranged cupboards?
